MRI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

X-ray - Essay Example Cut thickness, is one significant boundary, which separates the body part being inspected into areas of fluctuating width or thickness. The aftereffect of assessment relies upon the cut thickness. In the event that it happens to be brief issue, at that point the cut thickness will be little, in light of the fact that a bigger cut thickness may bring about deleting little sores or pathologies. X-ray is chiefly used to investigate the mind and the sensory system of human body to make sense of the irregularities utilizing the utilitarian attractive reverberation imaging, as these parts happen to be the most fragile pieces of human body. Prasad (2005, 292) states that the 'MR pictures are as a result PC produced visual reconfigurations of physical information, for example, the unwinding times of hydrogen molecules that are found plentifully in the body.' More than two third of our body is comprised of hydrogen particles. Hydrogen exists in various structures in our body. For instance water (H2O), comprising of two H particles and one O, makes up around 70 percent of human body. What's more Hydrogen molecules are likewise present in the tissues and fat present in human body. At the point when attractive vitality is sent into our body utilizing radio frequencies, the hydrogen particles assimilate the attractive beams and convey the equivalent attractive vitality, contingent on the degree of magnetisation. As the cores of the hydrogen iotas happen to be as little magnets, so when the attractive fields change in their environmental factors, they react as needs be. This development is recorded by the MRI hardware which thusly is examined by the social insurance experts to decode the specific piece. As the investigations began with an accentuation on core, in early days MRI was known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Since the procedure itself is expressed to include modest quantity of vitality, the ordinary organic chemistry of human body isn't influenced. The key necessities for playing out a MRI incorporate; A solid attractive field through the essential magnet, exuding out of the an attractive which could be a lasting, resistive or a superconductive Slope magnets for tweaking the attractive fields The examining table on which the patient is permitted to lie Appended PCs and film for taking the printout of the sweep The person who is to experience MR imaging is permitted to easily lie on a sliding table. The table is then slid into a round and hollow structure which is encircled by the magnets. When everything is in position, the attractive field is turned on; this makes a 2-dimensional picture of the specific body some portion of the individual on the PC screens. A loop is put around the body part/object which is under perception for MRI, only to get the signs for the picture. Indeed, just to make things simpler a discussion back framework is additionally in set up so that after the beginning of sticking sound the patient doesn't feel awkward, and whenever required he can speak with the radiologist. The technique may keep going for around 25-50 minutes relying on the necessities and the multifaceted nature of the patient condition. There are as a rule two to six imaging groupings, each going on for around 10-15 minutes. Since the procedure includes attractive fields, it is along these lines exh orted that anyone having metallic inserts in their bodies must advise the radiologist in advance, with the goal that sufficient

Teachers as Mentors in Critical Pedagogy :: Teaching Learning Essays

Educators as Mentors in Critical Pedagogy The youthful world history educator stood harsh and erect before her understudies. Around the side of her arm she wore a dark fabric. My name is Ms. Aping. At the point when you are reacting to me, you will guide me standing up as Ms. Aping, ma’am. You are not to talk except if I demand for you to do as such. I will train you what you have to know, and I anticipate that you should learn it well†¦questions are very superfluous. In the event that you neglect to maintain my standards you will spend a lot of your noon with me. Understand?†¦ An ungainly quietness followed, at that point voices raised, Indeed, Ms. Aping, ma’am. My voice was among the hesitant echoes in light of this instructor who was unmistakably applying a similar right and intensity of a tyrant. I later found that my educator was just executing a sensible execution. The situation, be that as it may, demonstrated very upsetting just as uncovering. For what reason was it that not a solitary underst udy risen up to differ with the instructor? I question any of them felt that her outrageous and preposterous guidelines were correct or even allowed, however not one individual had the boldness to go up and question her style of educating and authority. Our instructive framework, while needing to instruct and reinforce its youths’ minds, has appallingly done the inverse through a nearly misinformed impression of how instructors should educate. For most of our scholarly learning professions, we have been uncovered, somewhat, to the banking idea of instruction portrayed by Paolo Freire. At the most youthful age, when we were maybe considered the most unknowledgeable, we were taken care of a huge measure of data by our educators, and were relied upon to get and retain this information and acknowledge it as evident. As youthful grade school kids, we were encouraged that Christopher Columbus was the main person to find America, just to discover later, that data was false. These half-substantiates realities, educated to youngsters, are very satisfactory however. It is basic for a youngster to learn and remember that Columbus previously cruised the sea blue and established America for the remainder of the world. Then again, much vitality is required and disarray may emerge for them to get and understand the movement of Native American Indians into America, much before the appearance of Columbus, and the conceivable journey of early Vikings from northern Europe toward the southern shore of present day Canada.

Malaysia Economy And Relationship Of Fiscal Policy Economics Essay

Malaysia Economy And Relationship Of Fiscal Policy Economics Essay Our examination explores the significance of financial strategy in economy of any nation. There are a ton of factors that have relationship with monetary approach and shows sway on efficient development. In our paper we have investigate the financial approach of Malaysia (Asian nation) from 2010-2012 by referencing the past of Malaysia economy late in 1970s. Official synopsis Financial strategy depicts two legislative activities by the administration. The first is tax assessment and second activity is government spending. This paper investigates the adjustment properties of monetary approach in Malaysia utilizing a model joining nonlinearities into the dynamic connection between financial strategy and genuine monetary action over the development cycle. Government of Malaysia interest in the economy extended further in 1980-82 as it sought after an expansionary countercyclical monetary arrangement planned for invigorating monetary action and continuing development to brave the impacts of the worldwide downturn. The countercyclical arrangement prompted twin deficiencies in the administrations financial position and the parity of installments. Malaysia ran industrious monetary deficiencies all through the 2000s, averaging only aboveâ 5% of GDP from 2000-05. By 2007, the monetary deficiency had fallen underneath 4%, yet with the beginning of the money rela ted emergency, the breakdown in development and the resulting financial improvement quantifies, the shortfall shot back up to 7.1% of GDP in 2009 andâ 5.8% in 2010. In 2011 and 2012 Malaysia monetary strategy will assist them with constructing better choices for provincial regions improvement and their significant pay for government income will be personal expenses. our discoveries are upheld by past writing on Malaysia economy and relationship of financial approach to different factors. Writing survey Financial arrangement, the administration chooses the amount to spend , what to spend , what to spend for and how to fund its spending (Abel et, al ; 2001). Financial arrangement is characterized as change in government duties and buys that are expected to accomplish macroeconomics approach goals (hubbard O Brien; 2010) There are two models infer in regards to monetary strategy of a nation in financial perspective. Standard Keynesian model suggest that financial approach ought to be countercyclical when terrible occasions hits the administration spending should increments and lower burdens by government to assist economy with spending it way out of downturn. On the off chance that strategy producers following Keynesian model, at that point there will be business cycle a positive connection among's expenses and yield and negative connection between government spending and yield. the subsequent models charge smoothing suggest that monetary strategy ought to be unbiased all over business cycle and just react to foreseen changes that influence the administration spending imperatives. by following this model all relationship will basically zero Barro (1979). The harmony way to deal with monetary arrangement sum up by David Aschauer (1988) and Robert Barro (1989). The macroeconomics investigation impacts of monetary strategy on practical development on the grounds that financial approach impacts total interest, the conveyance of riches and economy ability to produces administrations and products. Neoclassical methodology accentuate on transient impact of various instruments of financial strategy. Furthermore, consistent rate development is driven by exogenous factor which are elements of populace and innovative advancement. In Asian retainers the development execution perception saw as: development declined and become stale altogether since 1985 and government consumptions are not hinders full misuse of development capability of Asian nations. Inquired about on hypothesis and experimental writing shows impacts of financial arrangement factors that are government use programs and expenses on monetary development Gerson (1998). Overview centered that there is strong positive commitment of government consumption proportion to development Caseli et, al (1996). Abdullah et, al (2008) concentrated on Pedroni Cointrgartion technique to show a since a long time ago run connection between financial arrangement and monetary development. A few examinations analyzed viability of monetary arrangement and contended in Keynesian occasions that financial approach will builds discretionary cashflow advertisement raise the private utilization however a few investigations underscore that financial strategy can have non Keynesian impacts. Feldstein Giavazzi Pangano (1982) give that thought and reason that lasting government use decrease may increment in pay , in this manner increment current utilization and total interest. Regarding Ireland and Denmark contemplates they found that contractionary monetary strategy may have expansionary results. Blanchard (1990) finds that the underlying obligation level has a significant impact on monetary arrangement impact. Commander (1999) contends money related strategy can be compelled by monetary approach, if financial shortfalls develop sufficiently enormous to require adaptation of government obligation. This contention stress that financial strategy isn't free of monetary arrangement choice of government. By close financial strategy holds by government we can simple run a non inflationary money related arrangement yet with industrious spending shortage spending it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to run a non-inflationary fiscal approach. A few specialists affirmed that there is connection between financial arrangement and securities exchange (Arin et, al; 2009 , Afonso et, al ; 2011, silvia iqbal ;2011). As to Malaysia the connection between financial approach and securities exchange record broke down. This examination was finished up by utilizing co reconciliation test to distinguish the presence of since quite a while ago run relationship and furthermore need VECM vector blunder development model for short run presence. the finding shows that monetary strategy apparatuses assumes a significant job in quickening money related execution in Malaysia. During the 1970s Malaysia government assumed a key job in economy. Malaysia financial aspects execution was amazing in late 1980s just as 1990s with genuine development of 8% per annum. This development was expected to expansionary money related and monetary arrangements exacerbated by FDI. Malaysia economy was in money related emergency in 1997/98 and confronted less 4% in development with quick devaluing local cash and liquidity. By adjustment gauges the genuine yield lifted a post every year of 5% 6% in 1998. As worldwide monetary obliged kept on enduring the 1999-2003 financial plans kept up an expansionary position, with authoritys aware of the need to keep up obligation maintainability. The countercyclical financial strategy executed was successful in supporting monetary recuperation and continuing household request in 2001. Malaysia had the option to record a positive development rate by supporting viable monetary arrangement. Government consumption in Malaysia was designated for 2 significant purposes specifically activity purposes and advancement purposes. Activity objects are for overhauling and improve efficiency just as for long haul monetary development. The biggest segment of working consumption is remittances, sponsorships, supplies and administrations. By improving endowments is to decrease of weight of society to poor and drawbacks gatherings. Distributing financial plans for advancement reason to redesign rustic regions and low pay family units which have critical job in continuing development. The administration improvement use development is quicker than working which is 7.1 % contrast with 8.5% for advancement uses. the fundamental wellspring of government income is charge assortment and non-charge income to back its consumption to progress for prospect of nation also. The annual expense is significant assessment in Malaysia (financial report service of fund 2010-2011). In September 2011 the Malaysia FICO assessment slipping from A+ to A by giving an inauspicious sign. The Malaysia doesn't have track record of rehearsing financial order, as in two a decades ago the Malaysia gas had government spending deficiencies even in great occasions of development. Malaysias consistently huge government ventures, crossing over 10 years, are a rating limitation. In 2011 the subsequent quarter was despondent one for Malaysia as assembling division development pace of 2.1% against development pace of 5.5% in the main portion of 2011. Assembling segment was managing in drooping requests for Malaysia trades from the US, Japanese and Europeans markets. Comprehensively development was relied upon to drop by 3.1% for 2011 and china was by 0.2%, under all circumstance Malaysia choice to expand endorsements for assembling venture of MYR 16.4 million. For second quarter of 2011 and it is smelling when contrasting with second quarter of 2010. Malaysia guage a development pace of 5-6% for 2011 yet it was 4-5% in 2011. The results of absence of financial control will surface should the worldwide economy get ugly. First casualty will be government deficiency that is begun from 2008 emergency in Malaysia. Around then obligation to GDP proportion was 54%. Following the solid development in 2011, the development of both private utilization and speculation is anticipated to mollify in 2012, as both pay and capital use in the outside related segments of the economy are influenced by the more slow worldwide development. 2012 financial plan of Malaysia economy will bolster private utilization. The open part will stay strong with higher capital consumption by both national government and non budgetary open undertaking NFPEs on 2012. Financial strategy in 2012 is outfitted towards invigorating residential monetary action and offering help to the financial change plan. A test for the Government in 2012 is to keep offering help to household request by pointing the debilitating outside part while guaranteeing that the monetary position stays feasible. In such manner, more noteworthy accentuation has been set in the 2012 Budget on creating development through private division venture and utilization. RM2.5 billion is allotted in the 2012 Budget under the PPP Facilitation Fund to offices the private part in starting different reactant ventures. Furthermore it wills Introduction of different duty motivations to encourage the improvement of high-sway ventures I

Caltural change of the organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Caltural change of the association - Essay Example The hierarchical or social rules or desires recommend proper sorts of conduct that its representatives should actualize specifically circumstances. The accompanying passages will clarify in detail how corporate social qualities controls the conduct of each authoritative individuals towards each other from hierarchical qualities (Hill, 2001) By and large, top administration officials could attempt to decide if to proceed with the current corporate culture or to transform it. They might need to force corporate qualities and measures of conduct so as to especially mirror the goals of the association. Furthermore, there are commonly standing inward societies inside the company’s workforce (Edsforth,2005) And, the exchange of post-mechanical advancements, new hierarchical practices and more extensive social impacts is affecting changes in corporate creation and culture. This is discussed that the intentional recreation of corporate culture reproduces the way of life of the twentieth century workplace(Casey, 2007). Moreover, all the work bunches inside a partnership have their individual conduct eccentricities and correspondences that that impacts the whole association. Plainly, top administration can enthusiastically be injected outside culture into its workplace. For clearness, PC specialists for the most part have autonomously picked up the mastery, language and practices of the association, yet the participation of these experts may influence the way of life of the association completely. In the article How to make Life Changes Using Psychologist Kurt Lewin’s Unfreeze â€Change †Freeze Method. Get more fit, change vocations and all the more utilizing this three stage process(Goss, 2007) underlined that the vast majority detest change. In any case, once more, there is mainstream saying that goes nothing in this world is lasting with the exception of progress. For change constrains

Las Vegas, NV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Las Vegas, NV - Essay Example This exposition portrays the Las Vegas city. The analyst dissects the city from different points of view and expresses that as a goal, it is prestigious for quality feasting, shopping, and betting. The city is generally known for its gambling club lodgings and the diversion related with them. The 2010 enumeration put the city’s populace at 478,434, making it the twenty eighth most crowded urban areas, in the United States. During a similar period, its metropolitan region had a populace of 1,951,269. Las Vegas was set up as a city in the year 1911, only six years after its foundation. Its resilience for grown-up diversion earned it the moniker Sin City, making it a well known setting for TV projects and movies. Las Vegas alludes to the city in addition to certain areas discovered past the restrictions of the city. A portion of these past breaking point zones incorporate the Las Vegas strip, resorts close to it, and the Las Vegas Valley. Las Vegas, as a movement goal, isn't for everybody. It is absolutely not a goal for kids, regardless of endeavors at advertising it to families some time back. The avenues, covered with freebees promoting friendship for ladies, go about as an executioner for family time. The specialist likewise mentiones that the fake condition may cause some to feel awkward. Be that as it may, the atmosphere during spring and fall is ideal for a get-away. Falling lodging inhabitance likewise makes a visit to Las Vegas savvy. In any case, the analyst concluds that the betting may counterbalance that advantage, and as such one must be mindful so as to spend astutely.

Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Anorexia Nervosa

Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Anorexia Nervosa Eating Disorders Treatment Print Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Anorexia Nervosa By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 17, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 22, 2018 Jamie Grill / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT) for anorexia nervosa is a relatively new treatment. The technique was originally developed for patients suffering brain injuries and has more recently been adapted for patients with schizophrenia and other mental health conditions including anorexia nervosa. It consists of mental exercises aimed at improving cognitive strategies and thinking skills through practice. Cognitive Deficits Research on patients with anorexia nervosa shows cognitive deficits. To date, two primary cognitive deficits have been identified and targeted as a part of CRT: A lack of cognitive flexibility (the ability to shift or change mental and behavioral strategies).  Anorexia sufferers commonly exhibit rigid thinking both during the acute phase of the illness and after weight restoration. It may manifest as rigid rules about which foods they can eat, routinized behaviors, and difficulty multi-tasking. When habits are interrupted, they may become extremely upset. Problems with central coherence (a preoccupation with details and relative lack of attention to the bigger picture).  Patients with anorexia are usually good at focusing on details but to the exclusion of seeing the bigger picture. For example, they may become preoccupied with details such as calorie content or fat content of a particular food item and be unable to consider the larger context of overall nutritional intake. CRT interventions address these two deficits by focusing on the patient’s process of thinking, rather than the content of their thoughts. In contrast to traditional interventions, CRT does not directly address symptoms specific to eating disorders such as weight and shape concerns or dietary restriction. It is always delivered as an adjunct to traditional treatments and is not designed to be a standalone treatment for anorexia nervosa. Cognitive Remediation Therapy and Neuropsychology In CRT, the therapist introduces the patient to neuropsychological tasks, puzzles, games, and other real-life activities that address cognitive flexibility and/or central coherence. Examples of neutral activities that may be used to develop cognitive flexibility include: Changing the order of a routine behavior (i.e. when getting ready for bed brush your teeth before changing instead of after)Choosing a different brand of the same product (e.g., a cleaning supply)Sitting in a different place at mealtimes Through brain training and activities, new skills and strategies are learned. The therapist also provides psychoeducation to help the patient understand their process of thinking, encouraging the patient to reflect on their performance in cognitive exercises and drawing parallels to behaviors in real life. The Goal of CRT The hope is that by practicing cognitive flexibility and central coherence in these more neutral domains, the patient will be able to apply the new cognitive skills to eating-related tasks. For example, with training, they may be more willing to try new foods or to focus on balance in their entire meal plan and not get bogged down in the nutrient makeup of a single food. There have been clinical trials of CRT with child, adolescent, and adult patients with anorexia nervosa.  Preliminary research shows that CRT is acceptable to the majority of patients. Because it does not target emotionally laden content, CRT may be less threatening for patients who are very ill and unprepared to tackle emotional issues or make behavioral changes related to eating. CRT seems to have the potential to enhance the effectiveness of traditional treatments, reduce treatment dropout, improve cognitive abilities, improve quality of life, and reduce eating disorder symptoms. Activities You Can Try at Home Although they do not represent formal CRT, many fun games and puzzles may help increase cognitive flexibility and central coherence. Here are some ideas for activities you can do at home: Q-bitz is a set of patterned blocks that are assembled in different ways to match designs on a set of cards. It focuses on the integration of elements.Set is a card game that focuses on matching elements according to different criteria (e.g. shading, color, figure, and a number of elements). It addresses set shifting. It is also available as an app for iPhones and tablets.Alternate uses is a verbal set-shifting game that challenges the participant to come up with uncommon alternative uses for common items. For example, instead of eating an apple, it could be cut in half and used to stamp color on fabric. The point of the game is to brainstorm the uses (you don’t have to perform the alternate use!)Rush Hour is a logic and problem-solving puzzle that is also available in tablet form. It addresses abstract thinking and does not specifically fall under set shifting or central coherence.Word searches. The focus of this task is to focus on relevant versus irrelevant information, an aspec t of central coherence. Playing these games does not constitute Cognitive Remediation Therapy. Anorexia nervosa is a serious mental illness and usually requires treatment from a team of professionals. If you or a loved one is suffering from anorexia nervosa or another eating disorder, please seek treatment from a qualified treatment provider. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Behaviour - Free Essay Example

LEADERSHIP AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT Gender Differences in Leadership Presented by: Karishma Sehgal Roll number: 088520 Table of contents SNo. | Title| 1| Overview of the study| 2| Objectives of this study| 3| Masculine and feminine leadership| 4| Factors that influence an individual’s leadership style(Not gender-linked)| 5| Leadership The Indra Nooyi Way| 6| Howard Shultz Leadership Of Starbucks Coffee| 7| Comparative study of the leadership styles of Indra Nooyi and Howard Schultz| 8| Conclusion| 9| References| Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Behaviour Overview of the study: The term leaders refers to persons holding formal positions of leadership in complex organizations in industry, government, education, politics, the arts, sciences, and professions. Historically, gender precluded most females from becoming leaders in such organizations; as a result, the assumption that males were better suited than females for leadership roles was, until recently, rarely questioned. Certainly much progress has been made particularly within the middle management ranks of the corporate world where women now hold about 45% of the professional, administrative, and managerial positions. However, the idea of women in top leadership roles is still difficult for many to grasp (presence of a so-called â€Å"glass ceiling† is said to have inhibited women from advancing to the highest level of management in most organizations), and the women who do succeed in attaining those positions need to be both exceptional and exceptionally able to deal with enormous social and psychological pressures. It is clear that women have found it more difficult to move up the organizational ladder. But is it a difference in leadership styles that has impeded women’s progress? One big issue that the society might not have taken into consideration is that these assumed differences may also depend on other reasons such as age, background, culture or educ ation. It is obvious that leadership is a male dominated one. Leaders are often described with adjectives such as â€Å"competitive,† â€Å"aggressive,† or â€Å"dominant,† which are typically associated with masculinity. Perception of what constitutes good or appropriate leadership behaviours has been described as driven by older stereotypes that favour men as having more leadership qualifications. Sywensky and Madden (1996) argue that even when women have the skills and abilities necessary to effectively lead in an organization; they may still have difficulty convincing others of their leadership capacity. Sometimes this pressure might lead to a form of double-bind wherein a woman leader must act tough and authoritative (i. e. masculine) in order to be taken seriously but may be perceived negatively when she acts in a more aggressive manner (Oakley, 2000). Objectives of this study: * To study the inherent differences in the leadership styles of men and wome n and to determine whether these differences are gender linked. To study what other factors (apart from gender) influence the leadership style of men and women. * To study the leadership approach and qualities of a male and a female leader and compare them. Masculine and feminine leadership 1. Male leaders usually have a transactional leadership style According to Judy Rosener, PhD, the primary distinction between male and female leaders is, while not all are stereotypes, men have a transactional leadership style while women lead with transformational attributes. 2. Male leaders are more risk taking According to a study conducted by Marie-Theresa Edbauer Ida Svensson (Swedish Management researchers), women leaders in general tend to discuss things for a long period, trying to look at them from various points of view, but once they have made a decision, they implement it. On the other hand, men make decisions rather fast, but before implementing them they make a new and adjusted decision. The reason for this is that men are naturally more risk-taking and therefore use a faster decision-making system. 3. Male leaders put tasks before relationships Men are considered to set tasks before relationships, while women on the other hand are more people- oriented and focus more on establishing interpersonal relationships. They are warmer and softer compared to their male counterparts. 4. Male leaders are more inclined to an authoritative style Male leaders more frequently operate in mediums bound by hierarchy, status, rules and orders. In contrast, women normally function with connectivity and closeness as paramount. For women, status and hierarchy are not key and women are not predisposed to giving orders, but rather express preferences and suggestions which are likely accepted. . Male leaders communicate â€Å"to-the-point† Male leaders usually keep it short and sweet. No personal talk, just down to business and go. Female leaders on the other hand talk on a more personal note while addressing subordinates. According to Rolf Graner there are general scattered attitudes which make men and women function differently (Graner, 1994). Those attitudes are the following: Male properties| Female properties| Result oriented| Relation oriented| Logical| Intuitive| Independent| Dependent| Focused on competition| Cooperativeness| Restrained| Emotional| Investigating| Caring| Selfish| Understanding| Powerful| Soft| Bold| Careful| (GENDER SCATTERED ATTITUDES, GRANER 1994, P. 122) Factors that influence an individual’s leadership style (Not gender-linked) 1. The individual’s personal background What personality, knowledge, values, ethics, and experiences does the leader have? What does he or she think will work? These factors have a great bearing on how the leaders deal with business situations and their leadership style in general. 2. The organization The traditions, values, philosophy, vision and concerns of the organization in fluence how a leader acts. It is necessary for any leader to base his/her actions in conformity with the vision of his/her organisation. Accordingly, they adopt styles that reflect the values and concerns of their company. 3. Staff being supervised In an organisation, there are employees with different personalities and backgrounds; sometimes the leaders alter their leadership styles depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to. Leadership The Indra Nooyi Way Leadership is hard to define and good leadership even harder. But if you can get people to follow you to the ends of the earth, you are a great leader. As a leader, I am tough on myself and I raise the standard for everybody; however, I am very caring because I want people to excel at what they are doing so that they can aspire to be me in the future. Indra Nooyi in an interview to CNBC, in June 2008 As someone who has always aspired to build a company committed to its people and to the w orld, I admire her determination to achieve sustainability at an established company like PepsiCo. And I believe that all socially responsible companies could learn from Indra Nooyis style of leadership. Howard Schultz, President and CEO of Starbucks Coffee Company, on presenting Nooyi the 2008 Time 100 award Indra Nooyi’s Bio Nationality: Indian. Born: October 28, 1955, in Madras, India. Education: Madras Christian College, BS, 1976; Indian Institute of Management, MBA, 1978; Yale University, master of public and private management, 1980. Occupation (Current): CEO, PepsiCo Brief of Indra Nooyi’s Journey at PepsiCo Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi (Nooyi) became the first woman CEO of PepsiCo Incorporated (PepsiCo) in 2006 at the age of 50. She was listed among Time magazines Worlds 100 Most Influential People in 2008. In a poll conducted by Forbes Magazine for the Worlds 100 Most Powerful Women in 2008, she was ranked Number 3. In Fortune Magazines annual ranking of Amer icas leading business women titled 50 Most Powerful Women in Business, she was ranked #1 for three successive years in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Nooyi joined PepsiCo as Senior Vice President (SVP), Strategic Planning, in 1994. As SVP, she directed the companys global strategy. She initiated and mapped out a number of PepsiCos strategic decisions including the spinning off of its restaurant business, the merger with Quaker Oats Company, an American food conglomerate and the acquisition of Tropicana, among other contracts. In 2000, Nooyi was promoted as PepsiCos Chief Financial Officer (CFO). She was also provided a seat on the Board of Directors and assigned the additional role of President with associated responsibilities for PepsiCos corporate functions including finance, strategy, business-process optimization, and information technology. In 2006, Nooyi became the fifth CEO of PepsiCo. As CEO, she continued to steer PepsiCo based on the vision of Performance with Purpose. She i mplemented a number of measures to improve the sustainability of the companys operations and image by focusing on improvements in the health implications of PepsiCo products. Measures such as removing trans-fats from PepsiCo snacks, product innovations in the Quaker Oats brand to come out with a range of consumer perceived healthy snacks, categorization of its snacks into three categories named fun for you, good for you, and better for you were undertaken under her leadership. Indra Nooyi as a leader Being a woman, an immigrant and her colour made it thrice as difficult for her to reach this destination, but the only mantra she followed during the course of time was â€Å"working twice as hard as the male counterpart†. 1. Change Orientation – â€Å"Don’t Wait. Change before you’re forced to† Indra Nooyi as a leader believes that constant change is necessary for every business to stay relevant. She was instrumental in the strategic reshaping of P epsiCo. The results were exceedingly brilliant. But, according to her, sooner the changes are implemented, the better it is. According to her, ideally, a business leader should continually re-assess and re-evaluate the fundamental proposition of his or her business. 2. People orientation – â€Å"You Can’t Do it Without People† â€Å"Numbers matter, but you live and die by your people. † – said Indra Nooyi at a seminar. In the course of restructuring PepsiCo, the employees operated under some truly extraordinary demand with increased workloads, unreasonable deadlines and tremendous pressure. Indra Nooyi however made sure that the employees were acknowledged for their contributions in a very â€Å"public† way. Also, she ensured that the employees were not over-burdened with work and that the organisation did not ask them to perform beyond their capacity. 3. Good planning â€Å"Plan all you can, pressure-test that plan. And when you†™re finished, plan some more. If you’re going to make mistakes, it’s a lot cheaper to make them on paper during the planning process. † Indra Nooyi attaches a lot of importance to planning. During PepsiCo’s merger with Quaker, it was proper, detailed planning that brought the businesses together successfully. . Humility Indra Nooyi emphasises on the importance of humility and particularly, a willingness to acknowledge what we don’t know or what we’re not sure about. According to her- â€Å"In business that’s sometimes tough. Acknowledging that you don’t know something or appearing unsure or relying on others may be seen by some as a sign of weakness. It isn’t. The key to gaining wisdom is openness†. 5. Proper communication According to Indra Nooyi, one of the most critical roles of a company’s leader is to communicate well and clearly. People in an organisation perform and deliver extraordinarily result s if the leaders of the organisation make their corporate goals and aspirations very clear. â€Å"It’s amazing the great things your organization can achieve when your goals are clear and your people understand what’s in it for them†. Says Nooyi Howard Shultz Leadership Of Starbucks Coffee â€Å"Our mission statement about treating people with respect and dignity is not just words but a creed we live by every day. You cant expect your employees to exceed the expectations of your customers if you dont exceed the employees expectations of management†. Howard Shultz Howard Shultz’s bio Nationality: American. Born: July 19, 1953 in Brooklyn, New York. Education: Northern Michigan University, BS, 1975. Career: Xerox Corporation, 1976–1979, sales; Hammarplast, 1979–1982, manager of U. S. operations; Starbucks Corporation, 1982–1985, director of retail operations and marketing; Giornale, 1985–1987, founder and CEO; Starbucks C orporation, 1987–2000, chairman and CEO; 2000–, chairman and chief global strategist. Brief of Howard Shultz’s journey at Starbucks Schultz grew up in Brooklyn, where he was deeply affected by his fathers struggle to provide for his family. Looking for a way to stand out and be successful, Schultz turned to sports and gained a football scholarship to Northern Michigan University in 1971. He was an unmotivated student, however, and didnt discover his fore-most talent until he took a sales position with the Xerox Corporation. Schultz flourished in competitive environments and rose quickly when he joined the house wares company Hammarplast in 1979. As a general manager with Hammarplast he travelled to Seattle in 1981 to investigate a small coffee company that was ordering an extraordinary number of specially shaped coffee filters. This was his first encounter with Starbucks. Schultz was immediately captivated by the passion of Starbucks founders, Gordon Bowke r and Jerry Baldwin. Fired with enthusiasm, Schultz soon talked them into hiring him as their director of retail operations and marketing. Despite the misgivings of his family, Schultz gave up a respectable job in Manhattan to immerse himself in the arcane business of gourmet coffee. He even found himself attracted to the countercultural aura of Seattle that had given birth to the American coffeehouse. Most importantly he had found a business he could be passionate about, and he threw himself into it wholeheartedly. In 1982, he joined Starbucks Coffee Company in Seattle as the Director of Marketing. After joining Starbucks, while Schultz was on a buying trip to Milan, Italy, he noted that coffee bars existed on practically every street. He learned that they not only served excellent espresso, they also served as meeting places or public squares; they were a big part of Italys societal glue, and there were 200,000 of them in the country. On his return, he tried to persuade the own ers (including Jerry Baldwin) to offer traditional espresso beverages in addition to the whole bean coffee, leaf teas and spices they had long offered. After a successful pilot of the cafe concept, the owners refused to roll it out company-wide, saying they didnt want to get into the restaurant business. Frustrated, Schultz started his own coffee shop named Il Giornale in 1985. Two years later, the original Starbucks management decided to focus on Peets Coffee Tea and sold its Starbucks retail unit to Schultz and Il Giornale for $3. 8 million. Schultz renamed Il Giornale with the Starbucks name and aggressively expanded Starbucks reach across the United States. Schultzs keen insight in real estate and his insatiable appetite for coffee drinks drove him to grow the company rapidly. Schultz didnt believe in franchising, so made a point of having Starbucks own every domestic outlet with one exception. Schultz also went 50-50 with Magic Johnson on stores in minority communities. Schultz is also a significant stakeholder in Jamba Juice. On January 8, 2008 Schultz regained his status as CEO of Starbucks after a hiatus of 8 years. Howard Shultz as a leader 1. Vision According to Howard Shultz, to make a business a success, one must have a strong and bold vision. A successful leader must be able to see opportunities and respond to them before others can. He also adds that vision alone is not sufficient to make a company successful. â€Å"A successful company can’t sustain itself on exhilarating ideas alone. Many business visionaries have failed as leaders because they could not execute. Process and systems, discipline and efficiency are needed to create a foundation before ideas can be implemented and entrepreneurial vision can be realized†. 2. Need for change Howard Shultz believes that a business should constantly introduce changes to flourish and grow even if it is doing reasonably well. He says- â€Å"The world is changing. Every year, customer’s needs and tastes change. The competition heats up. Employees change. Managers change. Even when life seems perfect, you have to take risks and jump to the next level, or you’ll start spiralling downhill into complacency without even realizing it. † 3. Integrity and Passion Being passionate about your business is the key ingredient to its success. When you are passionate, you come across as excited, energetic, and enthusiastic — all of the qualities employees like to see in their leaders. Schultz’s passion rubs off on employees and they in turn deliver exceedingly good performance which pleases the customers at Starbucks. 4. People orientation According to Schultz, it is necessary for a leader to build a relation of trust and confidence with his/her employees. The employees directly affect the quality of products and services the company’s customers receive. People will determine the ultimate success of a company. Products are in ert. A leader must hire great people, celebrate their passions and their skills, and give them the freedom to do their jobs right. To build employee commitment towards the business, it is necessary that they are able to trust the leader’s judgement and be sure that their efforts will be valued. Comparative study of the leadership styles of Indra Nooyi and Howard Schultz In general, both the leaders possess similar leadership traits that have helped them reach such great heights in their respective careers. Contrary to the popular perception of women being more â€Å"people oriented†, Howard Schultz lays great emphasis on the same and feels that it is extremely necessary to value your employees and develop a rapport with them so that they can count on you, trust you. Similarly Indra Nooyi recognises the importance of treating her employees well and to ensure that their efforts are recognised and that they are not over-worked. Also, both the leaders emphasise that an organisation in order to sustain and grow, must undergo constant change. They also say that leaders must always keep a look out for opportunities and grab hold of them before their competitors can. Both leaders come across as visionaries. Howard Schultz particularly also mentions that vision without implementation is not sufficient and will not deliver any outcomes. Both leaders feel that they should encourage participation from their subordinates and not just give orders and expect them to adhere to them. Indra Nooyi also feels that she can learn a lot from her employees and is open to their ideas and suggestions. Howard Schultz feels that once a good performer is hired, he/she should be given the freedom to do his/her job in a way he/she thinks is right. Conclusion To conclude the study, we can say that the differences between male and female leadership exist, but the differences are not solely gender related. Also, the preconceived notions of people cause them to make ju dgements about variations in leadership styles of leaders of the opposite sexes. In some instances, there may be no perceived differences at all in leadership styles between men and women. In other cases, people may perceive men and women to act differently based on their own socially constructed conceptions of gender. Differences may have more to do with personality aptitudes and gender stereotypes than with actual differences in leadership due to gender. Generally, women are perceived as more democratic leaders. Their styles involve a sharing of information and promotion of cooperative learning. Women also share the power with their employees, enabling them to see and believe that their opinions matter. They have strong interpersonal and relational skills that make them seem empathic and effective to their staffs. They are expected to smile and be considerate as well as open to negotiation. Male leaders on the other hand represent the notion of rugged individuality and conform to the ideals of masculinity in the workplace. They are autocratic, focused on directing performance and finding solutions by considering wins and losses. Their competitive nature can make them appear less hands-on and approachable, though they often epitomize a calm, cool demeanour. Males are seen as formal authorities and are often on the top of the corporate ladder in industries dominated by highly educated women. Regardless of how women are perceived as leaders, the evidences collected by many researchers strongly suggest that women and men are equally effective as leaders across many different types of situations. Despite the perceived similarity in the way men and women lead and for the fact that women tend to be equally effective as men as leaders, women still face significant difficulties in going up to top levels of management in business organizations. References * https://www. thepracticeofleadership. net * https://www. career-bios. com * https://www. referenceforbu siness. com * www. scribd. com * www. slideshare. net * https://www. icmrindia. org * https://www. essays. se * https://ivythesis. typepad. com * https://www. allbusiness. com